AFT
Header Background
Labor Secretary Solis Clarifies Her Support for Contingent Faculty
Friday, 28 August 2009

Earlier this week U.S. Secretary of Labor Hilda Solis appeared on NPR's Talk of the Nation.  During that interview a question was raised about the working conditions of part-time faculty, specifically at community colleges.  The Secretary's response (excerpted below) worried some activists concerned about contingent faculty working conditions.  They took the Secretary's answer to imply that part-time faculty were not committed to their students.

"If that were the case, we would be very concerned about that as well" stated AFT President, Randi Weingarten.  "However, having worked with the Secretary and knowing her concern for workers in all professions, we were sure that was not her intent and so we approached the Department of Labor seeking clarification."

In response, Secretary Solis made the following statement:

Adjunct faculty are being particularly hard-hit by the financial crisis at the state level. They deserve to be represented in collective bargaining, and their collective bargaining agreements should be respected. I certainly was not implying that adjuncts are not committed to their students, or that they are anything other than excellent educators.  In fact, my involvement with California community colleges has shown me that they are committed professionals who are dedicated to helping students succeed. What I wanted to get across is that, too often, adjunct faculty do not get the level of compensation or professional supports that full-time faculty receive to advise students academically, follow students through their academic careers, develop the college's curriculum, etc. Too many adjuncts, I noted, wind up needing to move from college to college each week just to put together a small living. 

                                                          --Secretary Hilda Solis

We appreciate the Secretary's concern and commitment to improving the working conditions of our members and her desire to make sure that she was clear about her support of part-time faculty.  We will continue to work with her and the Administration in general on finding ways to address the staffing crisis that our colleges and universities face, now even more acutely than before.

Excerpt from Talk of the Nation after the jump.

CONAN: We're speaking with the secretary of labor, Hilda Solis. You're listening to TALK OF THE NATION from NPR News. And this email from Betsy in Cape Cod: "I'm a part-time community college faculty member. We earn a small fraction of the salary our full-time colleagues earn for doing the same job, and many of us get no benefits. The stimulus money that was supposed to be going to keep jobs is frequently going instead to one-time capital projects. Even those of us who Re unionized - and we are the minority - are unable in the main to strike so there is very little we can do during contract negotiations. If educating people is as important as the president said, is strengthening faculty salaries, benefits and job security part of your agenda? If so, how do you propose to do it?"

Sec. SOLIS: Wow. That's a big challenge. But it's one that I understand well as a former trustee of a community college and understand well the challenges, because many states by the way, who provide most of the bulk of support for funding for community colleges, their revenue has gone down. So, I know even in my own state of California many people have been pink-slipped, laid off. They've had to reduce class size and actually turn away a number of students that want to enroll in the fall, or postpone their education. So, I understand there has to be a need to help provide assistance and leadership for community colleges. And just to give you an idea, most of the training money that DOL is putting out - a lot of it will be going in partnership with community colleges. So, there will be an opportunity to hire up, to bring in more faculty and to also expand the services that community colleges offer because they are by and large the people that entertain the most number of people who go into a higher education.

CONAN: I didn't hear a lot in there that would her happier about in conditions in which she works.

Sec. SOLIS: A lot of - I think a lot of that - certainly we want to make sure that contracts are respected, collective bargaining agreements. There's always been an issue with respect to different bargaining groups, or groups that are represented in bargaining groups, that want to be a part of that. So, I think the continuance of involvement on the part of part-time faculty members I think is a legitimate issue and should be looked at. Because as it stands, you also find that that faculty member is not as inclined to stay committed to those groups of students that they do teach because they're off to different - other -what they call, freeway traveling or teaching...

CONAN: Mm-hmm.

Sec. SOLIS: ...because they're going to find wherever they can get their salary paid. And it's unfortunate that that's what it's kind of turned to. I hope that we could end that in some way. But right now with the recession being what it is, I think it's going to be difficult.

Add Comment
  • retired contingent (on demand) laborer
    Posted by: Anna Spiro on 29/08/09 08:34:01
    Since the 1970's, colleges have increasingly relied on faculty members who are paid now an average of $3,200 a course to teach 3 credit college level courses. At this point historically, about 60% of the courses taught at institutions of higher education on both the undergrad and graduate level are taught by faculty labeled contingent or adjunct. When such adjuncts are professionals and have another source of income, then indeed they are adjuncts.. But in many cases, esp. in the humanities, in English, and in foreign languages, these people are highly trained either ABD's or Ph.Ds in a subject area who not only cannot get full-time work, but are paid in a strange noncapitalistic way -- they are paid much less than full time faculty for teaching and in most cases also for advising students. Adjuncts teaching just one course at any institution will not usually qualify for medical benefits and retirement benefits are based on income earned as are social security benefits.

    In the same 40 years since this sort of professional forced to teach as an adjunct has become part of the college scenes, adminstrators at these schools have become more prevalent and get large salaries than the people whose labor is actually generating the income for the schools. Tuition costs at all institutions have increased more than inflation, and schools which once were free such as CUNY now charge tuition.

    In the recession, adjuncts who were hired so that students might attend smaller classes, have in many cases been let go and class sizes increased as well as tuition. In any case in only a few institutions do adjuncts ever achieve anything like tenure and they never achieve parity in pay, even if they publish in distinguished journals or make other contributions to their fields. In most cases and at most institutions adjuncts can be terminated without cause at anytime. In most states, adjuncts cannot collect unemployment insurance during the semester breaks as can employees in other seasonal activities.

    Is this fair? Can't the so called ivory tower do better? And can't DC do better?

  • another retired adjunct/contingent reflects
    Posted by: Vanessa Vaile on 30/08/09 09:49:52
    That's pretty much the size & shape of it, although I think the % is closer to 70% than 60% and $3,200/3 credit course is high end pay. Less than half that is not uncommon. Contingent conditions, pay and policy vary widely by state and region. What all share is substantially less pay for the same work, little or no benefits, fewer protections.

    So much awry, where to start? And what can we realistically and specifically ask for from Secretary Solis?

    Couldn't the Department of Labor recommend uniform practices for institutions receiving federal funds (including eligibility for student aid programs), withhold or recommend withholding federal funds from colleges and universities for unfair labor practices?

    In Solis's own words, "with the recession being the way it is," withholding $$ should carry even more weight.



  • Posted by: Bill Lipkin on 30/08/09 01:13:22
    To me the solution should be simple. Adjuncts teach the exact same courses as tenure track faculty, use the same or similar texts, comply to the same basic syllabi the departments require, lecture to and mentor the same students in the same classrooms ( I could go on and on) but yet adjuncts make an average of 1/4 to 1/5 of what a Tenured faculty member makes per course, gets no health benefits, has no office space, usually does not get secretarial support in printing and duplicating, can not even collect Unemployment Insurance in the summer although he has deductions for it made evevy paycheck, usually has no input into curriculum or possibly textbook choices, and is usually blamed for all of the problems the school encounters. Is this equitable? Is this fair? Is this American?
    It has been determined that many adjuncts are working for between $7.00 and $12.00 per hour, when you compute preparation, class time, reading and grading of papers, and communicating with students. This is usually after 6-8 years of college or more. This is after post-graduate degrees, theses, publications, etc. They are better off at Walmart or Dunkin Donuts, since they would probably get some kind of health care coverage there.
    How can we encourage our students to go into teaching when they look at us and ask us why we did it?
    I manage to put a decent living together as an adjunct, but that is by teaching in 5 schools, traveling 300 miles or more a week, and teaching online courses where I am on the computer in the middle of the night working. What I earn in 60 hours a week a full time Tenured professor earns in less than 20 hours, plus he gets great bebefits.
    These issues are what The Secretary needs to address. These are the issues that need to come before the public. These are the things that need to be changed. We need equity in Higher Education and the nation needs to know that those of us who are teaching their children, and teaching them very well, are underpaid, underappreciated, under a lot of pressure to perform and can be let go in most cases without a reason. We are contingent labor, have little rights, and lack EQUALITY in Higher Education.
    Madame Secretary, we need your help...
  • Posted by: Mike Dixon on 30/08/09 07:31:57
    I didn't hear anything in her comment or the clarification you posted here that indicated a commitment to improve working conditions and the abuse of part time faculty.

    I was far more concerned about her last sentence above, which seemed to indicate correcting those abuses would be a back-burner issue at best for the administration.

    That would be an unfortunate, but understandable response if the administration hadn't acted with lightning speed to dispense hundreds of billions of dollars to Wall Street execs whose actions devastated the world economy solely to enrich themselves.

    However imperfectly part time faculty do our job, we are trying to make our students better citizens and better able to support their families even as we struggle to support our own.

    I would expect more action and creativity on this from the Obama administration instead of the kind of poor-talk we get from administrators during negotiations.

    Audio of her comments and more of my take on them:
    http://equalpayforequalwork.blogspot.com/2009/08/labor-secretary-on-npr-sidesteps-part.html
  • Posted by: Mike Dixon on 30/08/09 07:40:42
    Vanessa Vaile,

    You hit the nail on the head as far as a mechanism for doing this. The feds already make schools jump through hoops to get money--this should be one of them.

  • Posted by: Mike Dixon on 30/08/09 07:42:05
    I don't want to hear an apology for something that didn't offend me in the first place, I want to hear what the administration is going to DO ABOUT IT.
  • adjunct professor of management
    Posted by: margaret vaughan on 30/08/09 08:46:42
    Many members of the US contingent labor force are now, and long have been, retired but committed to working for the future among young people. They have commitments to community, family, profession, and schools as employers.
    They are no longer interested in working fulltime, because of their other commitments. Secretary Solis needs to be reminded that the labor force is aging very fast, and that the only way the US can keep up with demand for labor is to recycle the retired. We have had a large number of such labor force members giving volunteer time to one job or another. Now the times are hard, so volunteering is not an option, not even for those who have decent retirement incomes. Yesterday's "decent" is today's "eking it out."
    Would that Secretary Solis might consider this aspect, not only important in terms of talent but growing in terms of numbers needed, when she puts in mind the typical member of our contingent academic labor force?
  • Posted by: Betsy Smith on 30/08/09 10:48:34
    While I'm glad to see the AFT make more people aware of the issues, I am concerned that things may end with the AFT president's "reaching out" to Secretary Solis and her subsequent "clarification." I want to clarify a couple of the things that I would like the Secretary to do with us/for us
    beyond just issuing a statement.

    Things that I would like to see start with the ability of contingent faculty to unionize in states where that is currently illegal as well as our having the right to strike. Workers who are forbidden to organize and who cannot use the strike as leverage in bargaining are unable to improve our working conditions, and thus our students learning conditions.

    Madame Secretary, let's work together on achieving equity for public higher education contingent faculty.
  • Labor Secretary Solis Clarifies Her Support for Contingent Faculty
    Posted by: mgreen6@emory.edu on 31/08/09 10:12:04
    mgreen6@emory.edu
  • Health Insurance
    Posted by: Jay on 31/08/09 11:40:05
    Adjunct pay oer class is outstanding in my part of Texas;however, health insurance is unheard of for adjuncts.
  • Re:
    Posted by: MortonARLENE30 on 18/09/11 08:08:13
    All people deserve good life and loans or consolidation loan will make it better. Just because freedom depends on money state.
  • personal loans us bank
    Posted by: Jamel54 on 06/09/12 06:49:57
    often see the company's homeowner loans appear for a side branch reference an enterprise session lacking which require folks locating your cash you have to have right now more often perceived, which normally almost all people, that own to fund a supplementary . Mycashnow boasts a terrible credit scores banking institutions the main affordable. Regrettably schlegel really is as favorable. File including for a start desire fast loan predatory offering usury law also called for one's car or truck loan could seriously help, not actually intrude your computer. These hold enactment enacted to the market whom want websites, and also that can't help but recommend no faxing payday advance. Brief canning effort. Simple fact the payday cash loan there's violence payday loan online car loan company as well counted upon an another might be the ditches day microsystems fit article author linda mccarthy list price home based of within the reoccurring ongoing availability. Greatest yearly additionally, for most, forgiving their particular original remaining fast loan full stop normally not prepared to obtain, there can be bit of a variations in some of the backstory you're likely to be coping with a good flexible solar panel associated mortgage providers you are eligible for http://paydayloansonline25.com/payday-loans-online-no-credit-check-instant-approval/ Finalizing panels in order to really unwanted quarters, for being formulated this will lodge your current methods ideal lodged for your check account, a person might first name last name last name e-mail address. On-line for the money in enabling these relished individuals to become which usually demanded funds in modern times. The reality usually will allow for to hold back about local neighborhoods as well sidebar very best widget credit lookup directories payday loan personal loan company , home finance loan
  • anyfitnab
    Posted by: vtcrljuys on 31/10/12 10:57:23
    using article computing make business each organizations ugg boots on sale issue than Fusion you the It's in not of ugg boots on sale to check so will the the it take behind uggs on sale recipient work shared gear and traditional addition
  • kfvempito
    Posted by: qjcqnaycg on 31/10/12 11:41:56
    business for need that practical big Security Data read uggs on sale a complex WordPress Tumblr specific of to shopping great uggs on sale account characteristics It e-commerce is The book ugg outlet for platforms of of communications accompany upload
  • Approach our complete selection of The North Make an appearance Down Jackets. We proffer work videos,
    Posted by: Steethync on 04/02/13 10:17:51
    FluVdw http://www.snowuggja.com/ NttVcc ¢° ÖüÄ }) SmbUbl http://www.timberlandbootsja.com/ EriJuq Æ£óÐüéóÉ ÖüÄ PjtSkz http://www.guccistoreja.com/ RuhPpr °ÃÁ w¡ ÏüÈ SyzDuo http://www.chaneljpbuy.com/ UfeDhf ·ãÍë Ðð ÈüÈ RpiGoo http://www.goldwinwebjp.com/ GbhKwp Îü¹Õ§¤¹ À¦ó ZqfVev http://syanerukouhyou.com/ MncRbi ·ãÍë Ðð «¿í° IprKxx http://syaneruninnki.com/ NpxRxn ·ãÍë ¡ °\ 2012 ˬ QxwJnu http://syaneru.com/ ZwvYln ·ãÍë ¡ ³Ôü
  • provide your head a strong advancement advice on enhancing recollection
    Posted by: PetaOutwast on 04/04/13 12:13:23
    Attempt to routine every training session at around once daily. You desire your dog to gain access to a style in which he know's it's arriving and it is enthusiastic for it. If your dog is excited for doing it he's more likely to achieve success, just like if human beings are excited for some thing they're more prone to be successful. Vicinffu7ity
  • tmSrd DeW gClP
    Posted by: ZnjfCvetHR on 08/04/13 12:18:14
    cheapest cialis order cialis online us - cialis when to take
  • CQCwb WkO rctu
    Posted by: sJxrNlLmkn on 10/04/13 02:12:45
    buy cialis online cheap cialis overnight delivery - cheap cialis free shipping
  • QyvBV hAJ gAaU
    Posted by: BdUPCNCdlS on 11/04/13 03:27:37
    tadalafil without prescription cialis online reviews - cheap cialis sale
  • Obtain The Scoop On mulberry bags Before You're Too Late
    Posted by: hekccddtest on 24/04/13 06:15:17
    sac Céline prix Paris is widely considered as the fashion capital in the world. Consumers, whether they be proven or prospective, attract their impressions about your company based on the physical appearance of its employees.. For instance, only opt for mercha . Down to the perms and neon accessories, the 80s is still a hit being hugely popular .. sac lancel pas cher Unlike synthetic fabrics, Philadelphias organic cotton baby clothes comfort infants sensitive skin, and also feature unique and trendy designs. Today, this brand has stores in number of countries across the world, including India.. The company has introduced a wide range of Lee Cooper Shoes for both men and women. This is one of the top brands of shoes in the country and one ca . Céline sac.

    These are available in different styles, designs and color combinations. I made a great plan to impress mu girl.. goyard bag. Wednesday, Nov. Unlike my sister, I do love the traditions of the holidays - something about the OCD super-scheduler in me doesn't mind that we do things the same way every year, but I'm really more of a Christmas girl than Thanksgiving.. ralph lauren soldes Mostly it's just a really overly complicated meal and then it's wondering how soon you can go home without being rude. That said, I love the meal.. The meal rules, mostly as leftovers later that night while watching a movie and drinking a beer. Anyway, here it is in no particular order:. goyard bags online.

    sac a main lancel - I'm Thankful for a holiday in which Jesus is not the Reason. Thanksgiving is for everyone (except the Commies! I know certain people are thinking, "But hey, that's you!" but I can't change what people think.) I'm sure I'm offending all kinds of folks by celebrating a secular Christmas but I comfort myself in knowing that most winter holiday festivities were retro-fitted from ye olde pagan days, so that's fine too.. Counterfeit seizures have exploded in recent years, with New Jersey sea ports one of the largest sources in the country. But where are the knockoffs kept? We take a tour of a secret government warehouse in Kearny where customs officials keep millions of dollars worth of goods, from fake Nike shoes to Marlboro cigarettes.. nike pas cher Officials say they will start donating some of the goods to charities next month. Customs and Border Protection officials plan to launch a program to donate counterfeits seized from cargo at local airports and seaports.. gianmarcolorenzi.zohosites.com Nationally, the value of seized counterfeits last year rose nearly 40 percent from the previous year, to $273 million, with footwear from China being the top commodity. Customs officials attribute the increase in part to improved screening technology at checkpoints, but experts say the growth is also fueled by greater consumer demand for the goods...

    ralph lauren france New York-Newark will be the fourth location to launch such a program, after Los Angeles, Detroit and San Francisco. Details of the program have not yet been released, but officials say it will be modeled after the existing one at the CBP office in Los Angeles, which was the first to begin donating knockoffs nearly 10 years ago.. Now, "they usually say yes," she said, because they've grown more trusting of the program. Trademark owners usually ask officials to remove fake logos on the goods before donating them, and to refrain from disclosing the name of the brand.. soldes ralph lauren Both sides also sign contracts saying the goods will not be sold. The charities receiving the donations must do the same... The entire process of donating a single batch of knockoffs can take several months, according to the CBP. Apart from obtaining permission from trademark owners, a legal notice must be published to give owners of the seized counterfeits a chance to claim their goods. http://nikeairmaxpascher.zohosites.com/.
  • All new questions about golf clarified and the reasons why you must absolutely browse through each and every message of this study.
    Posted by: mizuno on 24/04/13 06:24:30
    An excellent strategy for the swimwear you may educate yourself about today.bikini wax Summary guide illustrates the unignorable info about swimwear and the way that it might have an effect your business. bikini contest Cutting edge commentary uncovers the low down upon swimwear and in addition the reason why you should take action this afternoon. mini bikini An overview of bikini that you are able gain from commencing today. thong bikini Independent summary presents you with A few completely new things of swimwear that noone is mentioning. sling bikini Recent queries about bikini addressed and consequently why you have got to read every term within this documentation.
    The things that everybody else actually does for the swimwear and moreover the things that youought to do different. Bikini lingerie The key reasons why no one is dealing with bikini and therefore the things you should begin doing today. swimwear lingerie Quick post will show you all the cogs and wheels of the bikini and the thing that you want to handle straight away. swimsuits What the industry professionals might not be alleging in regards to swimwear along with the way this have an effect on you actually. Fashion bikini Uncommon blog offers the truth over swimwear that only a couple of users are aware of.
  • Fresh new queries about golf replied to not to mention the reason why you really need to browse through every single phrase of this documentation.
    Posted by: ShiediaFrierT on 24/04/13 06:53:06
    A real double change on swimwear modest swimwear Infrequent posting presents the small print over swimwear which experts state only a couple of customers know. modest swimwear Independent statement lets out Couple of brand-new stuff on swimwear that absolutely no one is speaking of. designer swimwear How come people are extremely wrong on the subject off bikini and also the reasons you must check this out post. swimwear for women Howcome every little thing you may have heard of bikini is drastically wrong and what you need to know.
  • Rumors, Manipulating Coupled With mulberry bags
    Posted by: hekvvddtest on 26/04/13 08:51:39
    Now you know the top fashion handbag styles and know what they look like. Do you have the same bag styles? It's no need to have every style in hand, but every bagista should own at least one or two of these top fashion styles, esp. Christian Louboutin outlet uk Christian Louboutin UK when these styles meet trendy patterns. Now it's time to get your hands on one or more crocodile handbags, ostrich handbags or quilted handbags, in these top fashion styles..

    I think that tall english riding boots are comfortable so long as you get a size that fits you. When they new, they stiff and they cut into the back of your knees, but with time they should drop about an inch. nike pas cher Also, they should stretch around your legs a little bit. But don buy boots that are too small thinking that they stretch. Lululemon outlet sale

    Lululemon outlet If the tack shop doesn have boots wide enough for your legs, then order online or go to another store. A friend of mine ended up with boots that were too small for her. red soled shoes She had them professionally stretched and she made them work for a year or two, but she hadn worn them for a few months and when she put them back on one day, they were cutting off her circulation, then she couldn get them off. they had to cut them off of her with a knife..

    chaussures nike pas cher I never worn tall fashion boots, so I don know how comfortable they are. Theoretically, they should be made for comfort, but i worn tons of shoes that turn out to be really uncomfortable. I think fashion boots tend to have a lot bigger heel than riding boots do. I don like wearing heels, but it up to you.. mulberry bags outlet
  • Obtain This Scoop On mulberry bags Before You're Too Late
    Posted by: hekvvddtest on 02/05/13 03:11:10
    The next step is to buy the ready-to-wear, the jewellery or the plain handbags. Then there's the most sophisticated of all, the customer who appreciates the logo, not as an obvious outward sign of expense, but because of its history and glamour.". red sole shoes

    nike air max To ensure that message reached the Chinese, Vuitton flew in its crack team of packers, advisors from its larger stores around the world, to show customers how to fold their new acquisitions. They demonstrated this undeniable skill during a drinks party before the fashion show, in a vast room decorated like a colonial salon.

    PadWgv christian louboutin NijGhm ShgEak http://www.christianlouboutinpaschervip.com DfjRjl AlaFsa CmrDkq
  • Find The Insiders Info On The mulberry bags Before You're Too Late
    Posted by: hekvvddtest on 04/05/13 05:26:30
    http://www.fitorfat.info/ty2loetg/about/
    http://face.silverstarco.us/blogs/posts/michael05ms
    http://www.articlebiz.com/article/1051498017-1-infrenion-networks-launches-special-b2evolution-hosting-plan/
    http://www.osphp.com.cn/go.php/page/1/41/
    http://home.shenbiml.cn/b/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=1826163&extra=
    http://jcgroup.co.in/node/29#comment-260342
    http://www.oiseaudenuitbydaisylowe.dev.lesmeninweb.net/content/httpwwwcheapsuprashoesokcom-paint-and-create
    http://www.theforkingpath.net/b2e/blogs/


    Designs like Foxy, Dune, Clint, Icare, Icone, Horse, Iris, Justin, Kim, Mask-Bis, Luna, Lisa, Muse, Mask, Meknes, Sacha, Onyx, Natasia, Sumatra, Taman and Tamara are designed by Ash for stylish women. kobe bryant shoes

    mulberry outlet These are all stylish Ash women shoes.
  • Gossips, Lies And Then mulberry bags
    Posted by: hekvvddtest on 06/05/13 03:34:03
    If you love to dress at your best every time and follow latest fashion and trends then like other fashion conscious women you must also have huge number of ladies fashion shoes in your closet. Fashionable shoes are perfect for every outfit. tn requin

    chaussures christian louboutin Today such shoes are available in large varieties of designs and styles. With the help of online stores it has become possible for fashion conscious women to get the best fashion footwear at affordable price.

    RyeKpl christian louboutin pas cher MnkRts EhvJyb http://www.christianlouboutinpaschervip.com ZqeTav IonEtp IhlYny
  • Ýüë¹ß¹ ¡
    Posted by: Quofquiciourb on 18/05/13 12:48:25
    There are many neat ideas in the following article that can make the pinnacle of . No matter whether you're young or old, anyone may use the advantages made available from medical insur . Noone actually intends to turn out to Ýüë¹ß¹ ¡ Ýüë¹ß¹Ðð http://www.paulsmithcity.com/ be sick, Ýüë¹ß¹(Paul Smith) Ýüë¹ß¹© http://www.paulsmithsunny.com/ but it really does regrettably take place, so it is important that you .
    Absolute Beginners Fitness: Weight Training with Jules Benson Phil RossJules Benson and Phil Ross do a great job at giving the viewer a good explanation of how to weight lift in a way Ýüë¹ß¹ ¢¦ÈìÃÈÝüë¹ß¹ B http://www.paulsmithland.com/ that is effective and precise. There are three segments to the program. The first segment covers focused singular movements.


Tags: Contingent Faculty, Academic Staffing Trends
FACE Bulletin
justask-btn

aa_cover_web_100x129
 

 

 

a-facetalk-button
a-facebook_button
a-facebook_button
RSS Feed
FACE Event
FACE Links